国际商务Chapter001.ppt

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1、International Business,Textbook Charles W.L. Hill International Business (Ninth Edition) Reference book 薛求知，刘子馨. 国际商务管理（第二版）M. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2014 赵春明.国际商务M.北京：北京大学出版社,2016 怀尔德.国际商务-全球化的挑战M. 北京：北京大学出版社, 2015 唐纳德A鲍尔，J迈克尔吉林格. 国际商务M. 北京：北京联合出版公司,2016,Chapter 1,Globalization,What Is Globalization?,Globaliz

2、ation - the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated global economic system Two components: globalization of markets & globalization of production,What Is The Globalization of

3、Markets?,Historically distinct and separate national markets are merging It no longer makes sense to talk about the “German market” or the “American market” Instead, there is the “global market” falling trade barriers make it easier to sell globally consumers tastes and preferences are converging on

4、 some global norm firms promote the trend by offering the same basic products worldwide,What Is The Globalization of Markets?,Firms of all sizes benefit and contribute to the globalization of markets 97% of all U.S. exporters have less than 500 employees 98% of all small and mid-sized German compani

5、es participate in international markets,What Is The Globalization of Production?,Firms source goods and services from locations around the globe to capitalize on national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, energy, and capital Companies can lower their over

6、all cost structure improve the quality or functionality of their product offering,Why Do We Need Global Institutions?,Global institutions help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system,Why Do We Need G

7、lobal Institutions?,Examples include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) the World Trade Organization (WTO) the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the World Bank the United Nations (UN) the G20,What Do Global Institutions Do?,The World Trade Organization (like its predecessor GATT) poli

8、ces the world trading system makes sure that nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties promotes lower barriers to trade and investment 154 members in 2011,What Do Global Institutions Do?,The International Monetary Fund (1944) maintains order in the international monetary system l

9、ender of last resort for countries in crisis Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Ireland, and Greece The World Bank (1944) promotes economic development via low interest loans for infrastructure projects,What Do Global Institutions Do?,The United Nations (1945) maint

10、ains international peace and security develops friendly relations among nations cooperates in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights is a center for harmonizing the actions of nations The G20 forum through which major nations tried to launch a coordinated policy res

11、ponse to the 2008-2009 global financial crisis,What Is Driving Globalization?,Declining barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital average tariffs are now at just 4% more favorable environment for FDI global stock of FDI was $15.5 trillion in 2009 facilitates global production Technol

12、ogical change microprocessors and telecommunications the Internet and World Wide Web transportation technology,What Does Globalization Mean For Firms?,Lower barriers to trade and investment mean firms can view the world, rather than a single country, as their market base production in the optimal lo

13、cation for that activity But, firms may also find their home markets under attack by foreign firms,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value,What Does Globalization Mean For Firms?,Technological change means lower transportation costs h

14、elp create global markets and allow firms to disperse production to economical, geographically separate locations low cost information processing and communication firms can create and manage globally dispersed production low cost global communications networks help create an electronic global marke

15、tplace global communication networks and global media create a worldwide culture and a global consumer product market,The Changing Demographics Of The Global Economy,Four trends are important: The changing world output and world trade picture The changing foreign direct investment picture The changi

16、ng nature of the multinational enterprise The changing world order,How Has World Output And World Trade Changed?,In 1960, the U.S. accounted for over 40% of world economic activity, but by 2009, the U.S. accounted for just 24% a similar trend occurred in other developed countries In contrast, the sh

17、are of world output accounted for by developing nations is rising expected to account for more than 60% of world economic activity by 2020,How Has World Output And World Trade Changed?,The Changing Demographics of World GDP and Trade,How Has Foreign Direct Investment Changed Over Time?,In the 1960s,

18、 U.S. firms accounted for about two-thirds of worldwide FDI flows Today, the United States accounts for less than one-fifth of worldwide FDI flows Other developed countries have followed a similar pattern In contrast, the share of FDI accounted for by developing countries has risen Developing countr

19、ies, especially China, have also become popular destinations for FDI,How Has Foreign Direct Investment Changed Over Time?,Percentage Share of Total FDI Stock 1980-2008,How Has Foreign Direct Investment Changed Over Time?,FDI Inflows 1988-2008,What Is A Multinational Enterprise?,Multinational enterpr

20、ise (MNE) - any business that has productive activities in two or more countries Since the 1960s the number of non-U.S. multinationals has risen the number of mini-multinationals has risen,The Changing World Order,Many former Communist nations in Europe and Asia are now committed to democratic polit

21、ics and free market economies creates new opportunities for international businesses but, there are signs of growing unrest and totalitarian tendencies in some countries China and Latin America are also moving toward greater free market reforms between 1983 and 2010, FDI in China increased from less

22、 than $2 billion to $100 billion annually but, China also has many new strong companies that could threaten Western firms,How Will The Global Economy Of The 21st Century Look?,The world is moving toward a more global economic system But globalization is not inevitable there are signs of a retreat fr

23、om liberal economic ideology in Russia Globalization brings risks the financial crisis that swept through South East Asia in the late 1990s the recent financial crisis that started in the U.S. in 2007-2008, and moved around the world,Is An Interdependent Global Economy A Good Thing?,Supporters belie

24、ve that increased trade and cross-border investment mean lower prices for goods and services greater economic growth higher consumer income, and more jobs Critics worry that globalization will cause job losses environmental degradation the cultural imperialism of global media and MNEs Anti-globaliza

25、tion protesters now regularly show up at most major meetings of global institutions,How Does Globalization Affect Jobs And Income?,Critics argue that falling barriers to trade are destroying manufacturing jobs in advanced countries Supporters contend that the benefits of this trend outweigh the cost

26、s countries will specialize in what they do most efficiently and trade for other goodsand all countries will benefit,How Does Globalization Affect Labor Policies And The Environment?,Critics argue that firms avoid the cost of adhering to labor and environmental regulations by moving production to co

27、untries where such regulations do not exist, or are not enforced Supporters claim that tougher environmental and labor standards are associated with economic progress as countries get richer from free trade, they implement tougher environmental and labor regulations,Fig 1.6,Environmental Pollution a

28、nd Income Levels,How Does Globalization Affect National Sovereignty?,Is todays global economy shifting economic power away from national governments toward supranational organizations like the WTO, the EU, and the UN? Critics argue that unelected bureaucrats have the power to impose policies on the

29、democratically elected governments of nation-states Supporters claim that the power of these organizations is limited to what nation-states agree to grant the power of the organizations lies in their ability to get countries to agree to follow certain actions,How Is Globalization Affecting The World

30、s Poor?,Is the gap between rich nations and poor nations getting wider? Critics believe that if globalization was beneficial there should not be a divergence between rich and poor nations Supporters claim that the best way for the poor nations to improve their situation is to reduce barriers to trad

31、e and investment implement economic policies based on free market economies receive debt forgiveness for debts incurred under totalitarian regimes,How Does The Global Marketplace Affect Managers?,Managing an international business differs from managing a domestic business because countries are diffe

32、rent the range of problems confronted in an international business is wider and the problems more complex than those in a domestic business firms have to find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system international transactions

33、 involve converting money into different currencies,True / False Questions,The shift toward a more integrated and independent world economy is referred to as globalization. A company does not need a large size to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization of markets. Companies hope to lower the

34、ir overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their product offering through globalization of production.,True / False Questions,The World Bank has focused on policing the world trading system and making sure nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties. The l

35、owering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world, rather than a single country, as their market. The expansion of world trade implies that nations are becoming less dependent on each other for important goods and services.,True / False Questions,The globalization of markets

36、 and production and the resulting growth of world trade, foreign direct investment, and imports all imply that firms are finding their home markets protected from foreign competitors. The cost of microprocessors continues to fall, while their power increases. This statement supports the predictions

37、made by Moores Law. Low-cost global communications networks such as the World Wide Web are helping to create electronic global marketplaces.,True / False Questions,Globalization of markets has resulted in greater differentiation of consumer tastes and preferences. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is

38、 any business that exports or imports products from other countries. Current trends indicate the world is moving toward an economic system that is more favorable for international business.,Multiple Choice Questions,Which of the following has enabled globalization of markets? A.Differentiation among

39、st national markets B.Falling barriers to cross border trade C.Reduced homogeneity of material culture across the world D.Increased government ownership of factors of production,Multiple Choice Questions,Which of the following factors hinders globalization of consumer goods market? A.National differ

40、ences in tastes and preferences B.Higher production costs in developed nations C.Homogenization of material culture D.Increasing outsourcing of goods and services,Multiple Choice Questions,Which of the following is NOT an impediment that makes it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion

41、 of their productive activities to locations around the globe? A.Reduced tariffs on imports of manufactured goods B.Government regulations C.Issues associated with economic and political risk D.Barriers to foreign direct investment,Multiple Choice Questions,Containerization allows: A.reduction of th

42、e time needed to get from one location to another. B.simplification of transshipment from one mode of transport to another. C.buyers and sellers to find each other easily. D.enterprises to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system.,Multiple Choice Questions,A number of econometri

43、c studies have found consistent evidence of a hump-shaped relationship between income levels and pollution levels. According to this, as an economy grows and income levels rise: A.initially the pollution levels remain low B.after a while the pollution levels decrease C.the pollution levels also rise

44、 in proportion to the economic growth D.there is increasing industrialization which leads to greater pollution,Multiple Choice Questions,Which of the following statements is true about an international business? A.An international business needs to invest directly in operations in other countries. B.An international business needs to have homogenous practices across countries. C.An international business can be managed in the same way that a domestic business is managed. D.An international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention.,