第二讲：汉译英的特点与翻译.ppt

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1、第二讲：汉译英的特点和步骤,翻译理论与实践（汉译英）,重点及难点,汉译英的特点 汉译英的过程 汉译英句子翻译步骤,专八汉译英的要求,测试要求：汉译英要求考生运用汉译英理论与技巧，以每小时译约250300汉字的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150字左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。,Chinese-English Translation,10-9 Excellent translation The translation faithfully reflects all the original passage with only 1 or 2 minor errors in vocabul

2、ary, syntax, punctuation or spelling. The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns). 8-7 Good translation with few inaccuracies The translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling o

3、r punctuation. The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).,6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most

4、part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of For the most part, unreadable,汉译英的过程,充分的准备 透彻的理解和表达 仔细的校核,翻译的一般程序,译前准备工作preparation： 反复读汉语原文 理解与表达wor

5、king：以句子为单位，逐段处理 首先考虑句子的基本句型和主要信息点的安排，其依据上下文的思路、事物情理等。 其次才是适用的短语、词汇。 校核checking： 检查修改译文,通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子，分析原文汉语句子的风格、逻辑和句型。 风格：正式还是非正式 逻辑：短语和短语之间的逻辑关系 句型：分析汉语句型，因为汉语句型和英语句型有着特定的对应关系。,充分的准备,准备例句,现在必须采取措施来保护环境（表目的） 无主语：对应英文三种句型：形式主语、there be句型、被动句型。 形式主语: It is necessary., It is essential. It is necessar

6、y to take measures to protect the environment. It is imperative to adopt measures to protect environment. there be 句型 There is necessity to adopt measures to protect the environment. Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment. 特殊句型： 是到做某事的时候了 It is time to do sth. It is high time

7、to adopt measures to protect the environment. It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment.,理解与表达,汉译英过程的核心阶段： 理解是表达的前提 表达是理解的结晶，表达深化理解,汉译英中的理解与表达,原文表层结构 Source language Surface structure,译文表层结构 Target language Surface structure,解读 （分析） analyzing,信息（意义） Message (meaning),组织 （

8、重构） restructuring,确定句型、结构,确定基准时态，能够避免犯大的语法错误 比如：记叙文一般过去时,以及他的变化 议论文、说明文一般现在时 确定主语、定句型、结构、定修饰语(定、状、补)位置 在理解基础上变换原文汉语句子的说法和词序的过程，即汉英两种语言表达方式的转换过程 译文句子的组织、表达,社会力量办学也为发展教育事业作出了贡献。 译文1： The running of schools by social forces also conducted to the development of education. 译文2： The running of schools by

9、non-governmental sectors also contributed to the development of education. 在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。 译文1：During the entire process of reform and opening, we must persistently oppose corruption. 译文2： Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.,仔细的校核,当局者 vs. 旁观者,审校,检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的

10、内容，是否有错译和漏译； 检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如：时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等，发现错误，及时改正。动词上的错误永远是大 全文审校：进行各单句审校的同时，检查译文全文的风格、逻辑是否与原文吻合。 原则一：每写一个动词，要考虑它的形态 原则二：落笔写每句话之前，考虑使用连接词和连接结 构的必要性,汉译英翻译步骤,Example:,在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉。 In the west, fork and knife are used for having dinner. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不打税的东西。 Bread and milk are among the few th

11、ings that the government do not impose taxes on.,他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她说。 He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate. 看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。 译文1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon. 译文2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhe

12、lmed by panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic. 译文3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.,看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。 The sight of the miserable scene threw people into such a panic that some of them even had the idea of making a retreat. The sight of the miserable

13、 scene made people so panic-stricken that some of them even conceived of/entertained the idea of making a retreat. The sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, some of whom even harbored the intention of making a retreat.,汉译英翻译步骤,确定主语做题，主语决定谓语 谓语的选择 语序的调整,怎样翻译才地道？,什么都不能束缚你。 Youre bound by

14、nothing. 在美国，人人都能够买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy guns. In the United States,guns are available to everyone. 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the internet. This information is available on the internet.,谁也不能以不懂法律来为自己辩解。 Ignorance of the law excusesno man. 弄得不好就会前功尽弃。 If

15、 things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.,汉译英之 - 主语确定,使用原主语 重新确定主语 增补主语,重新确定主语,在历史上，由于长江不断改道,在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊. The constant change of the course of the Chanjiang River (Yangtse) in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. Many lakes came into being in th

16、e areas around Wuhan because of the constant change of course of the Yangtse in history.,这些矿工年龄都在31岁至52岁之间，平均年龄不足38岁。 The miners ranged in age from 31 to 52, with an average age of just under 38.,汉语“以人为本”,英语“以事为本”,我看当然像这么回事。 It certainly seems so to me. 你做这件事不费吹灰之力。 It is very easy for you to do suc

17、h a thing.,增补主语,(一)有,发生,出现 - there be 好象有点不对头. There seems something wrong with it. 南京近几年发生了重大变化。 There have been great changes in Nanjing these years. Dramatic changes have happened in Nanjing these years.,(二) 无主句的增补-五大类无主句 1. 表示自然现象和人类自身感受 - it 刮风了. Its blowing. 出太阳了. The sun is rising. / The sun

18、appears. 冷死我了. I am dead cold. / It chills me to the bone. 热得他们全身冒汗. Its so hot that theyre sweating like a pig. The heat makes them sweat like a pig.,2.”把,得”字句,表达人身体或心理感受 累得我走不动了. / 把我累得走不动了. It makes me so tired that I cant walk any more. I am too tired to walk on. 痛得他全身冒冷汗. / 把他痛得全身冒冷汗. It makes

19、him painful all of a cold sweat. The pain made him in a cold sweat.,3.类似祈使句的泛指人称句 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot. 生了儿子，吃啥有啥；生了女儿，有啥吃啥。 If a woman gives birth to a boy, she eats what she wants; if to a girl, she just eats what there is. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 If things are not p

20、roperly handled, our labor will be totally lost. /all our efforts will be put in vain.,4. 成语,警句,格言类 三思而后行。 Look before you leap. / Think twice before you act. 入乡随俗。 Do as the Romans do. 少见多怪。 Seeing little is the cause of amazement. Wonder is the daughter of ignorance.,5. 根据上下文增补省略的主语 “不行就算了” 问地址 If

21、 this address is unavailable, we should give up. 借钱 If you dont have extra money, forget it/I can make it anyway. 不能把欧洲视为亚洲，也不能把亚洲视为欧洲。 We could neither regard Europe as Asia, nor vise versa.,鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品 Joint ventures in China are encouraged to sell their products abroad. 成功的经验鼓励了我们，增加了我们的信心。 T

22、he experience of success encouraged us and increased our confidence. Were encouraged by the experience of success and have confidence increased. (preferred) The encouragement from the experience of success boosted our confidence.,基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。 We have to maintain the basic lines unchangeable for a

23、 long period. 我国经济的发展，总要力争几年上一个台阶。 We should always endeavor to make certain progress in the economic development every couple of years.,汉语句子中哪些成分可以作主语,形容性成分 名词性成分 副词性成分 动词性成分,这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。 译文1：The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter. 译文2：The intelligence and beauty

24、 of the daughter makes her mother very proud. 理论：,1. 取原文的形容性成分做译文主语,任何新生事物的成长都要经过艰难曲折。 All new things have to grow up through twists and turns. 懒惰的人不会成功。 译文1: A lazy person will never succeed. 译文2: Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. 译文3: Laziness makes success impossible. 矿物的分类通常是根据它们的

25、化学成分。 Minerals are commonly classified according to their chemical compositions.,用塑料袋可以制成各种各样的生活必需品。 All sorts of necessaries of life can be made of plastics. 侦探突然注意到了墙上的血迹。 The bloodstain on the wall suddenly caught the detectives attention. 马可波罗的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。 The beauty of the west lake

26、 in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China.,2. 取原文名词性成分做主语,因为天气太糟，我们未能成行 译1：Because of poor weather, we did not go. 译2：Bad weather prevented us from going. 译3：The bad weather caused us to cancel/postpone our trip. 在持续了一年的内战中，数千人丧生。 译1：Thousands of people have died/ have

27、 been killed in the civil war which has been lasting for one year. 译2：The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives. 译3：The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.,3. 取原文的副词性成分做译文的主语,通过进一步的研究，科学家们推测存在着一种迄今尚未为人所知的粒

28、子。 译文1：Through further research/studies scientists conjectured that there was a hitherto unknown particle. 译文2：Further research led the scientists to conjecture about the existence of a previously unknown particle. 译文3：Further research by scientists pointed to the possible existence of a previously

29、unknown particle. 注: 猜测、推测：conjecture、guess、predict、assume、speculate 迄今（无人所知）:so far, hitherto, up to now, 在此之前：previously, formerly,中国在过去的二十年中间发生了巨大的变化。 译文：The last/past two decades have witnessed enormous changes in China. 中国在过去的二十年中经济持续快速增长。 译文：The last two decades have witnessed sustained and ra

30、pid economic growth in China.,原则：如果汉语句型表示在某时或某地发生某事，译法：取时间或地点做译文句子的主语，谓语用witness(目击、见证), see, find这几个动词。宾语是发生的某件事情。,某时或某地发生某事： 众所周知，中国1980年成功地发射了第一颗洲际导弹。 译文：As is known to all, 1980 saw/witnessed the successful launching of Chinas first intercontinental guided missile. 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。 译文：His a

31、bsent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.,3. 取原文的副词性成分做译文的主语,近年来，中泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。 译文1：In recent years, the economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two

32、 countries. 译文2：Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 译文3: The rapid development of economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation fo

33、r economics and trade cooperation between the two countries.,3. 取原文的副词性成分做译文的主语,4. 取原文的动词性成分做译文的主语,这本书着重讲成语、格言和谚语的用法。 译文1：This book centers on the use of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms. 译文2：The focus of this book is on the usage of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms. 一想到出国深造，他就激动不已。 译文1： The idea that h

34、e would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited. 译文2： He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.,在那些日子里，只要一提到她已故丈夫的名字，她就伤心欲绝。 In those days even the very mention of her dead husbands name brought her to the verge of tears. 如果你真正意识到了这一点，你就会明白，活着世上，最重要的事就是活出

35、你自己的特色和滋味来。 A full awareness of this will point out to you that the most important thing in your existence is your distinctive individuality or something special of yours.,确定主语时，应遵循以下原则,必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗 必须符合英美人的思维方式 必须是句中应该突出的信息 必须符合句中的逻辑关系 在篇章翻译中，必须符合上下文行文的需要,A. 符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗,例句： 1. 热烈欢迎

36、世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.,例句2：我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。 译文1：I know that for you to persuade him out of the plan is difficult. 译文2: I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.,B

37、. 必须符合英美人的思维方式,例1：她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 译文1：It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. 译文2：She has never thought that he is dishonest man.,下倾盆大雨了。 译文： It is raining cats and dogs. 自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。 译文1：There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 198

38、3. 译文2：More than one hundred organizations of such kind have been established since 1983.,C. 必须是句中应该突出的信息,我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。 An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Miss Li downstairs. 这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百万百姓迁走。 One million and six hundred thousand soldiers ha

39、ve been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of the flooded areas.,D. 主语必须符合句中的逻辑关系,六种汉语主语： 【1】 名词性主语 【2】 动词性主语 【3】表时间处所和条件的词语 【4】 介词引出动作者做主语，如“由主席 召集会议” 【5】 别的介词短语 【6】 主谓主语,我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 Our cause has won victories one after another. We have won one victory after another for o

40、ur cause. A series of victories have been won for our cause. 走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步声也没有。 The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps. 去年生产了一亿吨钢。 Last year produced 100 million tons of steel. Last year, 100 million tons of steel were produced.,Example:,一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集

41、，笑语四溢。 At one dusk in spring, flowers were blooming wildly in the garden, my parents were holding a banquet, in which guests were gathering, laughters could be heard everywhere. On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden where a profusion of flowers were in full bloom. In no time,

42、a crowd of their guests gathered, cheering and laughing.,E. 主语必须符合上下文行文的需要,生活中充满了危险，但我们并不一定把这些危险都想得很清楚。当我们第一次登上飞机的时候，我们害怕它掉下来，尽管人家向我们保证飞机是有史以来最安全的旅行工具。然而当我们坐上汽车的时候，我们往往并不担心，虽然汽车比飞机要危险得多。在一定程度上，这是很自然的，我们往往惧怕陌生的东西。,Life is full of danger. However, we are not aware of its potential dangers. When we get

43、 aboard a plane, we are afraid that the plane might drop, although we are assured that the plane has been the safest transportation in history. However, when we get in a car or a passenger bus, we are not afraid although to travel by car or passenger bus is more dangerous than by plane. To some exte

44、nt, this is natural, for we are often afraid of what we are not familiar with.,确定主语时，应遵循以下原则,必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗 必须符合英美人的思维方式 必须是句中应该突出的信息 必须符合句中的逻辑关系 在篇章翻译中，必须符合上下文行文的需要,Exercise 8 on page 91,谓语的选择,汉英主谓结构的差别,汉语的分析型(analytic)语言VS.英语的综合型(synthetic)语言 汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的单一谓语成分 汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓语的多被动式,分析型语

45、言VS综合型语言,汉语分析型语言 无词尾屈折变化 (inflection) 英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式： 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系 tabletables runranrun the boys She sings beautifully. 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性(overtness),Isolating/analytic language A language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown b

46、y WORD ORDER and the use of FUNCTION WORDS. Inflecting language A language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Often there is no clear distinction between the basic part of the word and the part which shows a grammatical function such as number or

47、 tense. Agglutinating language 粘着型语言(如芬兰语、匈牙利语、土耳其语、日语等) A language in which various AFFIXES may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.,2. 谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性,英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的

48、形式出现。 原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作谓语，译文中常常采用系表结构。,她的未婚夫都60了。 快餐食品并不健康！ 三星的手机外观很漂亮。 Her fianc is already 60 years old. Fast food is not wholesome, after all. Samsung Brand cell phones look beautiful. 他想吃麦当劳。 历史是人民创造的。 他就会持枪劫车、杀人越货。 He wants to eat at the Macdonalds. History is made by the people. He is good

49、for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.,3. 谓语的多主动式VS多被动式,无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动式作谓语； 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的主语为 “人们”、“大家”等，或者句中含有 “据传”、“据悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动句式； 问题解决了。 The problem has been solved. 大家都觉得这样做不妥。 It is gener

50、ally considered not advisable to act that way.,众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.,