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1、The Scarlet Letter,by Nathaniel Hawthorne,汉学院15级：杨冠宇 马婧颐 张雪雯,The introduction of Nathaniel Hawthorne,Nathaniel HawthorneJuly 4, 1804 May 19, 1864,Brief Introduction,Born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）. Entered Bowdoin College in 1821 and graduated in 1825. Published his first wor

2、k anonymously（不具名地）, a novel titled Fanshawe范肖in 1828. He worked at a Custom House（海关） and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marring Peabody in 1842. Published The Scarlet Letter in 1850. Died on May 19, 1864.,Major Works 主要作品,1828 Fanshawe 长篇小说范肖 1837 The Ministers Black Veil

3、教长的黑纱 1850 The Scarlet Letter 长篇小说红字a treatment of the effects of sin on the human spirit. 1851 The House of Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子 1852 The Blithe dale Romance 福谷传奇 1860 The Marble Faun玉石雕像,Hawthorne and American Puritanism,Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protesta

4、nts（新教徒，基督教徒）within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation（英国宗教改革）had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church. They wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence（加尔文教势力残余）. In the 17th century many Purita

5、ns emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He is not a puritan himself, but he was greatly influenced by his Puritan an

6、cestors who played important role in his life and works, and was different from his ancestors, he had a feeling to some extents of Puritanism as being intolerant and cruel. He often examined and analyzed social phenomenon in the view of Puritanism, but he detested the rigidity of Puritanism .,Hawtho

7、rne and transcendentalism,Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most outstanding romanticists in the nineteenth century. His creation was closely related to the philosophical in his time transcendentalism. On one hand, as displayed in some of his works the idea of self-examination 自省, self-reliance自恃,

8、breaking the theological disciplines like the theory of destiny（命运）, and the widely used technique symbolism embodied to some extent to the connotation of transcendentalism;,Literary Features,Nathaniel Hawthorne is an American novelist and short story writer in the 19th century. His fiction works ar

9、e considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically dark romanticism(黑色浪漫主义），the master work is The Scarlet Letter.,The introduction of the scarlet letter,Background,The setting of The Scarlet Letter is Boston in the 1640s. Persecuted(迫害) in England, the puritans came to North America

10、to form their new communities. Life in the Colonies was harsh(严酷的), but which gave the Puritans the opportunity to form a society based on their religious ideals. Puritans sought the freedom to live by their beliefs. They paid attention to reason, rejected feeling, praised ideal and prohibited desir

11、e. But with their development, they not only persecuted heresy, but also imprisoned the women who smiled on the street. The Scarlet Letter narrated a loving tragedy under the puritan colonial rule.,Introduction,The Scarlet Letter told a story of a puritan woman Hester Prynne who was punished to wear

12、 a scarlet A which stood for the crime of adultery. The pretty young lady tried to settle down in Boston with her old and ugly husband Chillinggworth. But the latter did not appear for years. During this time, Hester committed adultery with a local minister Dimmesdale, and gave birth to a girl Pearl

13、. Facing the terrible punishment, Hester refused to give her lovers name away to protect him and tried her best to raise her daughter . But Dimmesdale still lived as a upright minister. Years later, the husband Chillinggworth came to the town and found out the whole truth , and he operated an horror

14、 revenge on Dimmesdale, with hiding his own true name. Yet, as the end of the story , the minister died due to the guilt and disease, admitting his crime of adultery. Hester changed the meaning of “A” from “Adultery” to “Able” and “Angle” by her quality and behavior.,Symbols of The Scarlet Letter”A”

15、,1.”A” firstly stands for the crime Adultery. to the puritans it is a symbol of just punishment. to Hester, a device of unjust humiliation. to Dimmesdale, a piercing reminder of his guilt. to Chillingworth, a spur to the quest of revenge to Dimmesdale, a bright and mysterious curiosity. 2. “A” varie

16、s its meaning as the development of the story. Adultery- Alone and Alienation-Able-Angel and Award and Able.,Symbol of the characters,1. Hester Prynneexposed sin.(有形的红字) Hesters sin is revealed. 2. Arthur Dimmesdaleconcealed sin（无形的红字） His humanity is been constrained by the puritan society. His sin

17、 is not adultery but not having the courage to admit that he had adulterated. 3. Roger Chillingworthtrue sin（红字的制造者） He is a merciless avenger. The real sinner of morality in this novel. 4. Pearl the human symbol of the sin （活的红字） The human symbol of the sin of the adultery in the fact that she lead

18、s Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale to accept and admit to their sin. She is also the living symbol of the scarlet letter. Hawthorne: “ The Scarlet Letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed with life.”,“She took the baby ion her arm, and , with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, an

19、d a glance that would not be abashed, looked around at her townspeople and neighbors.” “于是，索性用一条胳膊架着孩子，她的面孔红的发烧，却露出高傲的微笑，用毫无愧色的目光环视着她的同镇居民和街坊邻里。” In this sentence, the author described Hesters behavior when she faced the punishment of the public. It is not difficult for us to see that Hawthorne appr

20、eciated the woman. Because her actions are marked with natural dignity and force of character. Even though at the whim of others, her actions are described as appearing to be of her own free will. He appreciated her behavior of resisting the puritan inhumane management. “一天下午，有些孩子正在那茅屋的近旁玩耍， 他们忽然看见一

21、个身穿灰袍的高个子女人走进了屋门。这些年来，屋门从来没有打开过，不知是那女人开了锁，还是那腐朽了的木头和铁叶在她手里散落了，或是她像影子一般穿过着重重障碍，反正她是进了屋。” This sentence is in the end of the novel. He finished the novel with the returning of Hester and her realizing of her sin about adultery , which showed Hawthornes contradictory thought. Although he was opposed to

22、 the inhumane management of the puritans , he is always influenced by the notion of the puritans that adultery is a sin which is could not be forgiven.,The introduction of the plot,Hester Prynne,Arthur Dimmesdale (minister),Roger Chillingworth (doctor , scholar),husband,Pearl(daughter),Crime Atoneme

23、nt Renascence,Sin struggle extricate,Relationships between characters,The story starts during the summer of 1642, near Boston, in a Puritan village. A young woman, named Hester Prynne, has been led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms, and on the breast of her gown a rag of scar

24、let cloth assumed the shape of a letter “A It is the uppercase letter A. The Scarlet Letter A represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sina badge of shame. On this day, Hester is led to the town scaffold and questioned by the town fathers, but she again r

25、efuses to identify her childs father.,The beginning,Hesters husband who was regarded dead appeared among the onlookers. And he is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. Later, Chillingworth medicates Hesters daughter Pearl and lives with Dimmesdale as his private doctor whe

26、n Dimmesdales psychological pain deepens. Actually, Chillingworth suspects that there may be a connection between the ministers torments and Hesters secret, and he begin to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. And later he finds that Dimmesdale is Pearls father.,The process of development,Sever

27、al years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress(女裁缝师), and her daughter, Pearl, grows into a willful, impish(顽皮的) child, and is said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hesters love and her punishment. They live in a small cottage on the outskirts（市郊） of Boston. Community

28、 officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress.,The,process,of,development,One night, when Pearl is abou

29、t seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. And later Hester and Pearl coincide with Dimmesdal

30、e in the forest and Hester informs him of the true identity of Chillingworth. They decide to take a ship to flee Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. However, the plan is destroyed by Chillingworth.,The process of development,The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather

31、for a holiday in honor of an election and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, he mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He dies in He

32、sters arms after Pearl kisses him. .,The end,Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies within the year. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resumes her charitable work. There is a sense of liberation in her and the towns people, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion（言行失检）.,The end,Thank you!,