非谓语动词专题.doc
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1、非谓语动词专题(to+V原,V-ing,V-ed)不定式doing分词与相关主体的主被动关系与谓语动词的先后关系To do主动之后To be doingdoing主动同时To have doneHaving done主动之前To be done被动之后To have been doneHaving been done被动之前Done 被动之前Being done被动同时特别:to have been doing(完成时的进行式)非谓语动词的语法功能(在句子中充当何种成分)主语宾语表语定语补语状语不定式动名词分词 不定式的句法功能,除了谓语外,不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。 To see is
2、to believe. 眼见为实。 (作主语和表语)To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语)You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(不定式短语作定语)To /In order to do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(不定式短语作目
3、的状语)He got up early in order to/ so as to catch the first bus. (不定式短语作目的状语)I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。(不定式短语作宾语补足语) 不定式的省略两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时,省略后面的不定式中的to。如:I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例:To be or not to be,that is a questio
4、n. He is better to laugh than to cry. They came not to save us, but to conquer us.他们不是为拯救我们而来,而是为征服我们而来(表示对比,每个不定式都要有to)句中含有动词do时,but,except,besides等后面的不带to。即“前有do,后省to”。如:He didnt do anything but complain.在 cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but , could not but ,could not help but 的后面不带to ,
5、 它们的意思都是“只好,只有” ,如: He could not but walk home. / Its raining hard, I cannot help but stay at home./ I cannot but admire his courage. 不定式的复合结构 It is brave of you to do that. It is easy for you to do that. 当下列表示人物性质,身份,特征的形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切,有意义上的主表关系时,常与o f 搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolis
6、h, good, honest, kind, nice, right, wrong ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thoughtful, etc Eg:It was very kind of you to come to help me.= You were very kind to come to help me.下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切,没有意义上的主表关系,但与句中的不定式结构关系密切,有意义上的主表关系,常与 for 搭配。easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impossible, possible, i
7、mportant, difficult, etc.Eg:Its hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard不定式主动表被动的情况1. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系,且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。Ill give you a book to read.Please lend me a pen to write with.2. be+adj.+to doThe question is not easy to answer.3. 不定式作形容词的宾
8、语,和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系The water is not fit to drink.4.There be结构中不定式修饰主语时,主动式和被动式皆可There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.如果不定式有逻辑主语,只用主动式There is nothing for me to do today.5.某些动词不定式与be连用作表语时Be to blame, be to seek, be to let V-ing 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别不定式:出乎意料的结果I woke up in the morning, to find the outsi
9、de world greatly changed.现在分词:往往与主句有因果关系She fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.begin和start后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况1.当主语是无生命之物时Snow began to melt.2.begin和start用于进行时态时He is beginning to study English.3.begin和start后面的动词是表示心理状态的词(know, understand, believe, wonder等)I began to believe his story. 关于分词选定的原则 分词短
10、语做定语时,分词的选定依据分词与被其修饰的名词的关系而定。如果名词是分词动作的执行者,用现在分词;如果名词是分词动作的承受者,用过去分词。分词短语做状语时,则要看分词与句子主语的关系。如果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者,用现在分词;如果主语是分词动作的承受者,用过去分词。(1)Seen from the mountain,the city looks beautiful.(2)Seeing from the mountain,we can see the river running through the city.注意:done, to be done, being done作定语的区别The
11、 meeting being held now is of great importance.The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.考点解读With复合结构 (1)With_the_children_following_him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park.(2) With the work finished, he could go home.(3) With the w
12、eather so hot, they went in to have a rest.(4) His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand (a book in her handbook in hand)(5) The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.归纳总结:with复合结构既可看作介词短语,在句子中作定语;也可看作独立主格结构,常在句中充当状语。它由“with宾语补语”组成,其中,宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为: adv./pre
13、p.如:(4)。 adj.如:(3)。with+宾语+ doing(主动,同时)/being done(正在被),如:(1)、(5)。done(被动或完成),如:(2)。to do(与宾语有动宾关系,表示将要发生的动作)另外,在确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式,用to do还是用to be done时,都是由该非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系来确定的。那么,如何找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语?这与非谓语动词在句中作何种成分有关,详见下表:充当句子成分宾语 表语状语定语宾补逻辑主语句子的主语所修饰的词句子的宾语反面解读1【误】 We dont allow to smoke in the l
14、ecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.【解析】 考查固定结构。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth.2【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析】 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时,此定语通常由不定
15、式来充当。3【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进行,而根据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作发生在将来,故用to be discussed表示。4【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 Th
16、is boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析】 see,watch等动词转换为被动结构时,其后不定式一般需要带to。5.Ive been looking forward to hear from you.【答案】 hear 改为hearing。 【解析】 短语look forward to中,to为介词,所以应用动名词作宾语。6.He admitted to have stolen the car.【答案】 to have改为having。【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的ing形式作宾语。7This is a waste of time per
17、suading such a person to join us.【答案】 This改为 It。【解析】 作形式主语,代替动词的ing形式,只能用it。8The flowers need being watered. 【答案】 being watered改为watering或者to be watered。【解析】 need, want, require等动词的主语为物时,后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构,表示“需要被”。9现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。(1)【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【
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