World of Microbiology and Immunology.pdf

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1、 WORLD of MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY WOMI1 tpgs 5 8 03 6 01 PM Page 1 WORLD of MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Brigham Narins Editor Volumes 1 and 2 A Z WOMI1 tpgs 5 8 03 6 01 PM Page 3 World of Microbiology and Immunology K Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner Editors Project Editor Brigham Narins Edi

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7、tion of any organization agency institution publication service or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING

8、IN PUBLICATION DATA World of microbiology and immunology K Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner editors p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0 7876 6540 1 set alk paper ISBN 0 7876 6541 X v 1 alk paper ISBN 0 7876 6542 8 v 2 alk paper 1 Microbiology Encyclopedias 2 Immunology Ency

9、clopedias DNLM 1 Allergy and Immunology Encyclopedias English 2 Microbiology Encyclopedias English QW 13 W927 2003 I Lerner K Lee II Lerner Brenda Wilmoth QR9 W675 2003 579 03 dc212002010181 ISBN 0 7876 6541 X Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 womi fm 5 6 03 1 34 PM Page i

10、v INTRODUCTION vii HOW TOUSETHISBOOK ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii ENTRIES Volume 1 A L 1 Volume 2 M Z 359 SOURCESCONSULTED 619 HISTORICALCHRONOLOGY 643 GENERALINDEX 661 CONTENTS v womi fm 5 6 03 1 34 PM Page v INTRODUCTION vii Although microbiology and immunology are fundamen tally separate areas of biol

11、ogy and medicine they combine to provide a powerful understanding of human health and dis ease especially with regard to infectious disease disease prevention and tragically of the growing awareness that bioterrorism is a real and present worldwide danger World of Microbiology and Immunology is a co

12、llection of 600 entries on topics covering a range of interests from biog raphies of the pioneers of microbiology and immunology to explanations of the fundamental scientific concepts and latest research developments In many universities students in the biological sciences are not exposed to microbi

13、ology or immunology courses until the later half of their undergraduate studies In fact many medical students do not receive their first formal training in these subjects until medical school Despite the complexities of terminology and advanced knowl edge of biochemistry and genetics needed to fully

14、 explore some of the topics in microbiology and immunology every effort has been made to set forth entries in everyday language and to provide accurate and generous explanations of the most important terms The editors intend World of Microbiology and Immunology for a wide range of readers Accordingl

15、y the articles are designed to instruct challenge and excite less experienced students while providing a solid foundation and reference for more advanced students The editors also intend that World of Microbiology and Immunology be a valuable resource to the general reader seeking information fundam

16、en tal to understanding current events Throughout history microorganisms have spread deadly diseases and caused widespread epidemics that threatened and altered human civilization In the modern era civic sanitation water purification immunization and antibiotics have dramat ically reduced the overal

17、l morbidity and the mortality of dis ease in advanced nations Yet much of the world is still rav aged by disease and epidemics and new threats constantly appear to challenge the most advanced medical and public health systems For all our science and technology we are far from mastering the microbial

18、 world During the early part of the twentieth century the science of microbiology developed somewhat independently of other biological disciplines Although for many years it did not exist as a separate discipline at all being an off shoot of chem istry fermentation science or medicine with advances

19、in techniques such as microscopy and pure culturing methodolo gies as well as with the establishment of the germ theory of disease and the rudiments of vaccination microbiology sud denly exploded as a separate discipline Whereas other biolog ical disciplines were concerned with such topics as cell s

20、truc ture and function the ecology of plants and animals the repro duction and development of organisms the nature of heredity and the mechanisms of evolution microbiology had a very dif ferent focus It was concerned primarily with the agents of infectious disease the immune response the search for

21、chemotherapeutic agents and bacterial metabolism Thus from the very beginning microbiology as a science had social applications A more detailed historical perspective of the development of the field may be found in the article History of Microbiology in this volume Microbiology established a closer

22、relationship with other biological disciplines in the 1940s because of its association with genetics and biochemistry This association also laid the foundations for the subsequent and still rapidly developing field of genetic engineering which holds promise of profound impact on science and medicine

23、 Microorganisms are extremely useful experimental sub jects because they are relatively simple grow rapidly and can be cultured in large quantities George W Beadle and Edward L Tatum studied the relationship between genes and enzymes in 1941 using mutants of the bread mold Neurospora In 1943 Salvado

24、r Luria and Max Delbr ck used bacterial mutants to show that gene mutations were apparently spontaneous and not directed by the environment Subsequently Oswald Avery Colin M MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty provided strong evidence that DNA was the genetic material and car ried genetic information during

25、transformation The interac tions between microbiology genetics and biochemistry soon womi fm 5 6 03 1 34 PM Page vii WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY about a third of these were awarded to scientists working on microbiological problems Microorganisms are exceptionally diverse are found almost everywhere and af

26、fect human society in countless ways The modern study of microbiology is very different from the chemically and medically oriented discipline pio neered by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Today it is a large discipline with many specialities It has impact on medicine agricultural and food sciences eco

27、logy genetics biochem istry and many other fields Today it clearly has both basic and applied aspects Many microbiologists are interested in the biology of the microorganisms themselves They may focus on a specific group of microorganisms and be called virologists scientists who study viruses bacter

28、iologists scientists who study bac teria phycologists or algologists scientists who study algae mycologists scientists who study fungi or protozoologists scientists who study protozoa Others may be interested in microbial morphology or particular functional processes and work in fields such as micro

29、bial cytology physiology ecolo gy genetics taxonomy and molecular biology Some microbi ologists may have a more applied orientation and work on problems in fields such as medical microbiology food and dairy microbiology or public health Because the various fields of microbiology are interrelated an

30、applied microbiolo gist must always be familiar with basic microbiology For example a medical microbiologist must have a good under standing of microbial taxonomy genetics immunology and physiology to identify and properly respond to the pathogen of concern It is clear that scientists study the micr

31、obial world in much the same way as they studied the world of multicellular organisms at the beginning of the twentieth century when microbiology was a young discipline This is in part due to the huge developments and refinements of techniques which now allow scientists to more closely and fully inv

32、estigate the world of bacteria and viruses One of the focuses of this book is the field of medical microbiology and its connection with immunology Medical microbiology developed between the years 1875 and 1918 during which time many disease causing bacteria were identi fied and the early work on vir

33、uses begun Once people realized that these invisible agents could cause disease efforts were made to prevent their spread from sick to healthy people The great successes that have taken place in the area of human health in the past 100 years have resulted largely from advances in the prevention and

34、treatment of infectious disease We can consider the eradication of smallpox a viral disease as a prime example The agent that causes this disease is one of the greatest killers the world has ever known and was probably the greatest single incentive towards the formaliza tion of the specialized study

35、 of immunology Research into the mechanism of Edward Jenner s vaccination discovery he found that of a patient injected with cow pox produces immu nity to smallpox laid the foundations for the understanding of the immune system and the possibility of dealing with other diseases in a similar way Beca

36、use of an active worldwide vac cination program no cases of smallpox have been reported since 1977 This does not mean however that the disease cannot reappear whether by natural processes or bioterror Another disease that had a huge social impact was bubon ic plague a bacterial disease Its effects w

37、ere devastating in the Middle Ages Between 1346 and 1350 one third of the entire population of Europe died of bubonic plague Now gen erally less than 100 people die each year from this disease The discovery of antibiotics in the early twentieth century provid ed an increasingly important weapon agai

38、nst bacterial dis eases and they have been instrumental in preventing similar plague epidemics Although progress in the application of immunological research has been impressive a great deal still remains to be done especially in the treatment of viral diseases which do not respond to antibiotics an

39、d of the diseases prevalent in developing countries Also seemingly new diseases contin ue to arise Indeed there has been much media coverage in the past twenty years in the U S of several new diseases including Legionnaires disease toxic shock syndrome Lyme disease and acquired immunodeficiency synd

40、rome AIDS Three other diseases emerged in 1993 In the summer of that year a mysterious flu like disease struck the Southwest result ing in 33 deaths The causative agent was identified as a virus hantavirus carried by deer mice and spread in their droppings In the same year more than 500 residents of

41、 the state of Washington became ill with a strain of Escherichia coli pres ent in undercooked beef prepared at a fast food restaurant The organism synthesized a potent toxin and caused haemolytic uremic syndrome Three children died In 1993 400 000 peo ple in Milwaukee became ill with a diarrheal dis

42、ease cryp tosporidiosis that resulted from the improper chlorination of the water supply It is a great credit to the biomedical research community that the causative agents for all these diseases were identified very soon after the outbreaks The bacteria causing Legionnaires disease and Lyme disease

43、 have only been iso lated in the past few decades as have the viruses that cause AIDS A number of factors account for the fact that seeming ly new diseases arise almost spontaneously even in indus trially advanced countries As people live longer their ability to ward off infectious agents is impaire

44、d and as a result the organisms that usually are unable to cause disease become womi fm 5 6 03 1 34 PM Page viii WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY Sandra Galeotti M S Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner Jill Liske M Ed and Susan Thorpe Vargas Ph D Many of the advisors for World of Microbiology and Immunology authored speci

45、ally commissioned articles within their field of expertise The editors would like to specifically acknowledge the following contributing advisors for their spe cial contributions Robert G Best Ph D Immunodeficiency disease syndromes Immunodeficiency diseases genetic Antonio Farina M D Ph D Reproduct

46、ive immunology Brian D Hoyle Ph D Anthrax terrorist use of as a biological weapon Eric v d Luft Ph D M L S The biography of Dr Harry Alfred Feldman Danila Morano M D Rh and Rh incompatibility Judyth Sassoon Ph D BSE and CJD disease ethical issues and socio economic impact Constance K Stein Ph D Gene

47、tic identification of microorganisms Susan Thorpe Vargas Ph D Immunology nutritional aspects womi fm 5 6 03 1 34 PM Page x IntroductionWORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY Progressive Image Corbis Reproduced by per mission Diagram depicting DNA and RNA with an inset on ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii womi fm 5 6 03 1 34 PM P

48、age xiii AcknowledgmentsWORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY Frank Lane Picture Agency Reproduced by permission Dinoflagellate Peridinium sp scanning electron micrograph Dr Dennis Kunkel Phototake Reproduced by permission E coli infec tion photograph by Howard Sochurek The Stock Market Reproduced by permission Ele

49、ctron micrographs hanta virus and ebola virus photograph Delmar Publishers Inc Reproduced by permission Electron Microscope views Martian meteorite photograph Reuters NewMedia Inc Corbis Reproduced by permission Elementary school student receiving a Vaccine photograph Bob Krist Corbis Reproduced by

50、permission Enzyme lines immunoabsorbent assay ELISA photograph Lester V Bergman Corbis Reproduced by permission False color transmission electron micrograph of the aerobic soil bacterium photograph by Dr Tony Brain Photo Researchers Inc Reproduced by permis sion Farmers feeding chickens photograph U