第2章沉积古地理学-1汇总.ppt

Chapter 2 Sedimentary paleogeography第2章 沉积古地理学,2.1 concepts and laws 2.2 sed.-facies indicators 2.3 sed. environments 自主互动,1 Sed. environments 2 Sedimentary facies 3 Facies changes and analysis of sed-facies 4 Walthers law 5 Uniitarianism,2.1 Concepts and laws,1 沉积环境sedimentary environments 一个具有独特的 物理、化学和生物 特征的自然地理单元,2 沉积相Sedimentary facies反映沉积记录成因（环境、条件和沉积作用）的岩石特征和生物特征的综合。即沉积记录成因的物质表现,岩相lithofacies, petrofacies,生物相biofacies,Carbonate facies,Shale facies,Sandstone facies,Shale Seasonality Their living environment,Your interpretation,ology a detectives approach Induction（归纳）; Deduction（演绎,2.1 Concepts and law,1 Sed. environments 2 Sedimentary facies 3 Facies changes and analysis of sed-facies 4 Walthers law 5 Uniitarianism,Stratigraphical conities Gradual transgression,How about regression,transgression,瓦尔特相（定）律亦称相对比原理J Walther，1894 只有那些目前可以观察到是相互毗邻的相和相区，才能原生地重叠在一起; 即在垂向上整合叠置的相是在侧向上相邻的沉积环境中形成的,Walthers law rule or law of facies correlation Only those facies and facies-areas can be superimposed primarily which can be observed beside each other at the present time translated by Middleton, 1973; in other words, facies occurring in a conable vertical sequence of strata were ed in laterally adjacent environments,Sketch showing Walthers law,Significance for Walthers Law,时间上的相随反映空间上的并列 指导和检验相分析工作,2.1 Concepts and law,1 Sed. environments 2 Sedimentary facies 3 Facies changes and analysis of sed-facies 4 Walthers law 5 Uniitarianism,What is an Uniitarianism,The past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now” James Hutton. It was named Uniitarianism by Charles Lyell 1830; Hutton, 1795,现实 类比,Uniitarianism-1,Example-1,Uniitarianism-2,Mars,Brachiopods（Productida, O3-P,现代腕足动物以正常浅海为主，各种水深均能生存0-6000m;古生代腕足类大多数生活在盐度正常的浅海环境中，但中生代以来发现它们与某些深水类别共生,Uniitarianism-3,将古论古-蜓,生态浅海底栖生活于100m左右热带亚热带的平静浅海环境,地史分布始现 C13, 极盛 P1, 衰退 P3,绝灭 P末,蜓-Fusulinina,Zoophycos,Uniitarianism-4,Desiccation cracks 2 biofilms develop and become thicker; 3 biofilms of all grains are jointed together. Scales 2mm,Biostabilization,将今天论未来,Uniitarianism-6a,Deep biosphere-1,Deep biosphere-2,热液喷口是最具化学多样性的微生物生长地. 地球化学梯度和热梯度提供了多种微生物（嗜冷、温、热、压、酸、碱、盐菌）聚集的小生境,表层生物圈仅占生物生成空间的3，深部生物圈则占生物生成空间的97，深海极端条件下生活的极端生物，其2/3的基因与迄今科学上的已知基因不同,深海热液体系的物质-能量循环模式,Aerobic S2-HS-,H2S,S0CO2O2H2O SO42-CH2O CH4O2CH2OH2O 4H2O2CO2CH2O3H2O NH3O2CO2 CH2OHNO3 Anaerobic Chemolithotrophic SO42- reduction CO2 SO42-H2 CH2OS2-5H2O Heterotrophic SO42- reduction CH3COOH SO42-CO2 S2-2H2O CO26H2 CH2OCH43H2O,高生长速率; 高生产力；高生物多样性; 历史悠久. （古菌 evolve since 4 billion years ago,Deep biosphere-3,生命的温度界限,古菌,细菌,藻类,真菌,原生 动物,植物,Rothschild 类比分析The present is the key to the past,将今论古 将古论今 将古论古 将今论未来 将天论地 将地论天,跨时间域 or,跨空间域 or,The earth is the key to the celestial bodies,The End