各种时态的用法教材.doc

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1、各种时态的用法一、一般现在时构成：a主动：动词原形（主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要加s/es）；be动词要用am，is，are。 b被动：am / is / are + 过去分词用法：一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常用频度副词sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及时间副词every day, night, week, month, year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做状语。如：I go to school at 6 every morning. 每

2、天早上我6点去上学。一般现在时表示客观存在及普遍真理。如： Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 注意：此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如： I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。一般现在时表示格言或警句。如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄兵必败。一般现在时表示目前的情况或状态，常跟时间副词now连用。如： I

3、am a teacher. Peter writes good Chinese but does not speak well. He lives in Beijing now,以here，there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.习惯性的爱好或行为。如： I like dancing while she likes singing. 我喜欢跳舞，而她喜欢唱歌。 We get up at six.在某些习惯表达法中，常用

4、一般现在时表示已经发生过的动作或存在的状态。如： They say Wu Dong is ill. 据说吴东病了。 The paper says the disease is under control. 报纸上说这种病已经得到了控制。 The diagram tells us that peoples living is improving. 这份图标告诉我们，人们的生活正在改善。在下列情况下表示将来：a 在（时间、条件等）状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：I will give it to him as soon as I see him. 我一看见他就会交给他。He will c

5、ome if you invite him. 如果你请他，他会来的。Suppose he doesnt agree, what shall we do? 假如他不同意，那怎么办？I shall do as I please. 我高兴怎么做就怎么做。He will continue the work no matter what happens. 不管发生什么情况他都要继续这项工作。b 在the morethe more（越越）句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，因为前者相当于条件状语从句。如： The harder you study, the better results you w

6、ill get. 你学习越努力，成绩就越好。c 在make sure(certain), see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： See to it that you are not late again. 注意，别再迟到了。d 表示按计划或时间表将要发生的动作，并且一定要做的事情。通常有时间状语。如： The plane takes off at 11:30 and arrives in Shanghai at 1:20. 飞机十一点半起飞，一点二十分抵达上海。 注：只限于少数动词能这样用，如begin, start,

7、 end, finish, stop, go, come, leave, sail, arrive, return, close, open等。二、一般过去时构成：a.主动：过去式（动词原形后加ed/d或不规则变化） b.被动：was/were + 过去分词用法：表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态，常与yesterday, last week, in 1978, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。如： He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。 What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么？在过去

8、一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如： We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。 注：表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to和would。如： He used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 他过去经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。 Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难，他都会帮助我们。表示主语过去的特征或性格。如： At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学

9、得很好。用在状语从句中表示过去将来。如： He said he would wait until they came back. 他说他会等他们回来。一般过去时有时可以表示现在，多与want，hope，wonder，think，intend等动词连用，使语气更为委婉。如： I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。 有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。如： I didnt know you were here. 没想到你在这里。注意：1.表示一系列的动作，尽管有先后都用一般过去时，最后两个动词之间用and连接。如： He hoped the doo

10、r, rushed out and then disappointed. 他打开门，冲了出去，然后就消失了。 2.注意在语境中理解“我刚才/原来还不”。如： - Your phone number again? I didnt quite catch it. 请再说一次你的电话号码，好吗？ 我刚才没听清楚。 - Its 2566666.三、一般将来时用法：一般将来时表示将来发生的事。常与tomorrow，next year等时间状语连用。构成：通常有以下七种方式表示将来，注意它们各自的区别。 由will加动词原形构成，当主语是第一人称时，也可以用shall加动词原形。如：Telephone m

11、e this evening, Ill be at home.Ill (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。a. will还可用来表示同意或“不能”。如： - Come and see me tomorrow. 明天来找我。 - Yes, I will. - Dont be late. - No, I wont. The car wont start. 车开不了了。（表功能） Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。b. 表示临时的决定，只能用will加动词原形。如： - Youve left th

12、e light on. 你忘记关灯了。 - Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off. 啊！那我去关。c. 在“祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句”句型中，陈述句中只能用will或情态动词加动词原形。如： Work hard, and you will pass the exam.d. 在条件句中表示将来不用will，而用一般现在时、be going to（打算），或be to（为人所控制的动作）等。若你见到在条件句中用了will，那will就是表示“愿意”的情态动词。如： Let her do that if she will. 如果她愿意，就让她那样做。

13、 被动：will/shall + be + 过去分词am/is/are going to + 动词原形，表示主语的意图或打算将来做的事。如： What are you going to do tomorrow? The play is going to be produced next month.注意：已有迹象表明将要发生的事，只能用am/is/are going to + 动词原形。如： Look at the dark clouds, its going to rain. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 被动：am/is/are + going to + be + 过去分词am/is/are +

14、 to do仅用于表示正式的公务安排、公共指示、义务、禁止、命令、注定要发生某事等。如： Youre to deliver these flowers before 10. 你在十点之前把这些花送去。 You are to (=should) report to the police. 你应该报警的。 Youre not to (=mustnt ) tell him anything about our plans. 你不要把我们的计划透露给他。注意：a这与不定式作表语不同：My idea is to go there today. 我的意思是今天就去那里。bbe to强调客观安排或受人指示而

15、做某事，be going to则强调主观的打算或计划。 被动：am/is/are + to be +过去分词am/is/are about to + 动词原形，表示即将或马上要做的事。如： He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to do 不嫩与表示将来时间的状语连用。 被动：am/is/are + about + to be + 过去分词am/is/are on the point of + V-ing，表示“就要做某事”，也不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。如： Look! Theyre on the point of starting! 看

16、他们就要开始了！一般现在时表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。现在进行时表示将来，主要用于go，come，leave，start等表示去向的短暂性动词。如： Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。四、过去将来时用法：过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。构成：a主动：would，was/were going to, was/were to, was/were about to + 动词原形或was/were on the point of + 动名词 b被动：

17、would, was/were going to, was/were to, was/were about to be + 过去分词 I knew you would agree. I said I would arrange everything.注意：在过去将来时中，所有人称都用would，尤其在口语中。只有个别情况才用should。如： We knew we should win. 我知道我们会赢。 I told her that I was leaving soon. 我告诉她我们很快就要离开。 We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打

18、算去年结婚的。 When we arrived, the train was just going to start. 我们到达时，火车正要启动。 I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正要离开，电话铃响了。 I was on the point of going when you came in. 我正要出去你来了。 The talk was due to last for three days. 会议将进行三天。五、现在进行时构成：a主动：am/is/are + 现在分词 b被动：am/is/are + being + 过去分词用法：

19、表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。如： Theyre having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 Im studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。表示计划或安排好了的将来动作，常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。如： Mike is coming home on Thursday. Theyre having a party next week.注：表示安排将要做的事，人作主语宜用现在进行时，事物作主语，宜用一般现在时。试比较： Im not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。（不宜说I dont） The concert

20、starts at 7:30. 音乐会七点半开始。现在进行时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。如： Youre always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话！（抱怨） My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。（不满） Shes always helping people. 她总是帮助别人。（赞扬）现在进行时在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。如： He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.注意：像be, think,

21、 understand, love, have, own, see, hear, find, belong to等静态动词通常不用于进行时。六、过去进行时构成：a主动：was/were + 现在分词 b被动：was/were + being + 过去分词用法：表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? During the summer of 1999 she was travelling in Europe.表示过去将来，多用于go，come，leave，start，take off等动词。如： He s

22、aid he was leaving for home in a day or two. 他说他一两天之内就动身回家了。表示过去的经常动作，常与always，forever等连用，略带感情色彩。如： She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。（赞扬） She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。（厌烦）表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。如： I was reading the newspaper when the

23、doorbell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。 Jim burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. 吉姆做饭时把手烫了。I met Diana while I was shopping this morning.我今早买东西时碰到了戴安娜。表示两个同时持续的动作。如： I was doing my homework while he was listening to music.过去进行时可以表示客气的语气。如：（对现在表委婉的请求） I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 不知我可否

24、顺便搭你的车。七、将来进行时构成：a 主动：will be doing b 被动：无用法：将来进行时表示在将来某个时间正在发生的动作。如： At this time tomorrow, Ill be taking a test. This time next week Ill be lying on the beach. Dont phone me between 7 and 8 p.m. Well be having dinner then.将来进行时表示安排将要做的事，与现在进行时有时可互换。如： Well be spending the winter in Australia. 我们将在

25、澳大利亚过冬。 Were spending the winter in Australia.注意：为避免will给人误以为是表示“意愿”的情态动词，口语中表示单纯的将来时常用将来进行时。如： Mary wont pay this bill. 玛丽不肯付这笔钱。（表示意愿） Mary wont be paying this bill. 不会由玛丽来付钱。（单纯谈未来情况）八、现在完成时构成： a 主动： have/has + 过去分词 b 被动： have/has + been + 过去分词用法：表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，其结果的影响现在依然存在。有时与just, already, ye

26、t, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用。如： I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。（现在我知道电影的内容了。） Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗？（你知道它在哪里吗？）注意： a现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1978, just now, when等表示具体的过去的状语连用。 b一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等；而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响，因此，若现在

27、影响并不存在时就不能用现在完成时了。 如：I have closed the door.那门现在也是关着的，若被风吹开了，就只能说I closed the door.了。表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since + 时间点”，“for + 时间段”，及how long,(ever)since【自那以后】, ever【曾经】, before, so far【到目前为止】, in/during/over the last/past few years【在过去几年内】, up to now【到目前为止】, till now等时间状语连用。如： She has been a

28、dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。 Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。 So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 Theyve lived here since 1978. 从1978年起她们就在这里住了。 I saw Julia in April and I havent seen her since. 我四月份见到朱莉亚，从那之后就没见到她了。注意：非延续性动词leave, arrive, c

29、ome, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时，在肯定句中不能与for或since等引导的时间段连用。但其在否定句中是可与这类时间状语连用的。如：I havent met him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了。用于This/That/It is the first(second) time that（引导定语从句，现在完成时）句型中。如： It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. 这是我第一次参观这个美丽的城市。用于This/That/It is +

30、the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + that（后接现在完成时）句型中。如： Thats the most interesting book Ive ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书。补： It is high/about time that sb. did sth. /sb. should do sth.九、过去完成时构成：a主动：had + 过去分词 b被动：had been + 过去分词用法：表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。如： She said she had never been to Paris. When the police

31、arrived, the thieves had run away. By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.注意：过去完成时是一种相对时态，一定要有一个作参考的过去时间或过去动作作比较，否则，就不能用过去完成时。但下列3种情况虽然有先后发生的两个过去动词，却同用一般过去时： a.先后发生的一系列动作，但并不强调先后时，最后两个动词用then，and，but等连接。如： On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought s

32、ome bananas and visited her cousin. 星期六下午，格林夫人去了市场，买了些香蕉，然后去看望了她的表姐。 b.两个动作是紧接着发生的，可用一般过去时。如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. c.叙述历史事实，可用一般过去时。如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我们老师告诉我们哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。跟现在完成时一样，也常与how long, for thr

33、ee days, before等表示一段时间的状语连用。如： When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时，他才了解到玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。表示未曾实现的希望或打算。表示希望或打算的动词，如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的过去完成时，后接不定式to do时，表示过去未曾实现的希望或打算，即“本来希望或打算做某事（但却没做）”。如： I had hoped to send him a Christmas c

34、ard, but I forget to do so. 我本来希望寄给他一张圣诞卡片的，但我忘了寄了。 I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldnt get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的，但有人来了我走不开。用于下列4个特俗句型中： a. hardly/scarcely/rarely/barelywhen(before) no sooner（过去完成时）than（一般过去时） Hardly had I entered the classroom when I found

35、Tom was sleeping. b. It/That/This was the first/second/third/last（序数词） + time that c. It was + 时间段 + since（过去完成时） d. than sb. had thought/expected/hoped/wanted等。 Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门，他就告诉我了。 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了车就卖了。 It was the second t

36、ime he had been out with her. 这是他第二次和她出去。 It was more than a year now since he had seen her. 从他上次见她以来已一年。 We arrived earlier than we had expected. 我们到得比预计的早。十、现在完成进行时构成：a.主动：have/has been + 现在分词 b.被动：无用法：现在完成进行时表示从一个过去开始，现在仍在继续中的动作；或一个过去开始、现在刚刚结束的动作。如： Ive been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt

37、 turned up. Im so sorry. Im late. Have you been waiting long?用现在完成时表示的反复的动作，有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成时表示： Ive written six letters since breakfast. 早饭后我已经写了六封信。 Ive been writing letters since breakfast. 早饭后我一直在写信。 I have knocked five times. I dont think anyones in. Ive been knocking. I dont think anybodys in.

38、谓语动词练习（时态和语态）2011年高考1. Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they _ from China. A. receive B. are receiving C. have received D. had received2. -What do you think of store shopping in the future? -Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _. A. wi

39、ll never replace B. would never replace C. will never be replaced D. would never be replaced3. -I didnt ask for the name list. Why _ on my desk? -I put it here just now in case you needed it. A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed4. Experiments of this kind _ in both the U

40、S. and Europe well before the Second World War. A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted5. Tom _ in the library every night over the last three months. A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working6. -That must have been a long trip. -Yeah, it _ u

41、s a whole week to get there. A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking7. -Bob has gone to California? -Oh, can you tell me when he _? A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave8. That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who _ the piano upstairs? A. has played B. played C. plays D. is playi

42、ng9. Look at the pride on Toms face. He _ to have been praised by the manager just now. A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming10. In the last few years thousands of films _ all over the world. A. have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being producing11. On the next birth

43、day, Ann _ married for twenty years. A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been12. We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody _ into the office during the night. A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was breaking13. -Joan, what _ in your hand? -Look! Its a birthday gift for my g

44、randma. A. had you held B. are you holding C. do you hold D. will you hold14. In 1492, Columbus _ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook if for an island off India. A. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed15. It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school. A. att

45、ended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended16. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _ by science. A. are making B. are made C. will make D. will be made17. When I got on the bus, I _ I had left my wallet at home. A. was realizing B. realized C. have realized D. would realize18. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the children _ everything.